The Current Food Insecurity and the Need
of Livestock Products for Food Security and Future Prospects of Livestock
Production in Eastern Gojjam
Bainesagn Worku Wolelie
Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research Debre
Markos Research Center, P.O. Box 357, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
ABSTRACT
Food security comprises all
circumstances of food including its availability, access, sufficiency
nutritiousness, and healthiness for the well-being of human race in day to day
activity of life. Food insecurity is a cumulative result of multi factors that
can affect the economy, health, and livelihood of human beings of a nation or
specific area. Among the factors human population pressure, well-being of the environment,
feeding practices of people, educational background, and livestock rearing
practices are the main contributing factors in the nation as well as in east
Gojjam. The state of food insecurity and specific contributing factor of food
and nutritional quality and security with its food diversity in east Gojjam has
vital importance to know the problems and mitigate the challenges. The aim of
this review is to identify and discuss the current status of food insecurity
and its consequences, the role of livestock products in food/nutrition
security, and future prospects of livestock production in eastern Gojjam. Among
the Amhara region, East Gojjam is the one that has the highest prevalence of
food insecurity ranging from 59.2% to 65.3%. Similarly, the overall agrospatial
prevalence of food insecurity is 65.3%. Another study on Choke Mountain
Watersheds in east Gojjam reported that Food insecurity across podoconiosis
patients and the non-podoconiosis households were found 83.7% and 53%
respectively. Food insecurity is highly associated with household malnutrition.
Regarding this stunting are main indicator of malnutrition. The prevalence of
stunting in eastern Gojjam ranges from 37.5 to 52.5%. out of the stunted
children 48.5% and 47.7% boys and girls respectively. Similarly, another
indicator of malnutrition is underweight and wasting. The prevalence of
underweight and wasting also ranges from 15.3% to 24.3% and 10% to 17.1%
respectively. Inadequate education, socio-economic status, and low household
income have an impact on feeding habits and food diversity. Therefore,
sufficient intake of Animal source food increases fat stores and provides
nutrients that are essential for growth and micronutrients that support the
immune system. The zone is highly endowed with diverse livestock species and
breeds. Therefore the prospects of livestock production in the zone is
considered as an economic driver for job, draft power for food and nutrition
security.
Keywords:
Food secrurity, Livestock, East Gojjam
INTRODUCTION
Food insecurity
can be described when a person lacks regular
access to enough safe and nutritious food for normal growth and development and
an active and healthy life (FAO, 2020). Food insecurity is a state or a
condition in which people experienced limited or uncertain physical and
economic access to safe, sufficient, and nutritious food to meet their dietary
needs or food preferences for a productive, healthy, and active life. It is
recognized that food insecurity, is a multidimensional phenomenon. Several
indices measuring hunger and the progress in achieving hunger eradication
helped understanding the issue and monitoring the progress in eliminating
hunger as well as providing targets for national and international political
action (Clay, 2002).
Food insecurity
can exist in various ways in different parts of the world. It may occur as
non-availability of food, lack of access, improper utilization and instability
over a certain period time (Napoli et al., 2011). Food insecurity and
associated malnutrition result in serious health problems and loss of human
potential for economic developments in developing countries(Susan et al.,
2014).
The world’s population is expected to
increase by 2 billion persons in the next 30 years, from 7.7 billion currently
to 9.7 billion in 2050. The world’s
population continues to increase, but growth rates vary greatly across regions.
Every year, the world is producing more than enough food to feed its entire
population, yet food security remains elusive with hunger, a continuing
epidemic, especially in developing countries (FAO, 2015). About 70% of the
worlds’ population are believed to living in cities with an average income
almost twice as high as today. As a result, global demand for both crop based
and animal products will continue to grow and play a critical role in global
food security and nutrition.
The population of
sub-Saharan Africa is projected to double by 2050 (99% increase)(UNDP, 2019)
and the demand for cereals will approximately be tripled. Ethiopia is among the
top ranked populated sub Saharan countries. Alongside, East Gojjam from Amhara,
which is second populous of the country, would have similar trend of population
increase. Moreover, traditional farming practice, unstable weather conditions,
recurrent drought, pests and disease, population pressure or growth, weak
institutional capacity, inadequate infrastructure and social services are the
other major reasons that determine food security in Ethiopia and parallelly in
east Gojjam(Scrimshaw, 2003; Birhanu, 2001; Tilaye, 2004; Bogale, 2002; Mitiku et
al., 2012).
Access to diverse,
safe and nutritious diets is necessary for health and wellbeing of human being.
Since Animal source foods (ASF) are rich in micronutrients and high biological
value protein. Among children, consumption of milk is associated with greater
height, and consumption of meat with better cognitive development(Grace et
al., 2018). However, in most low-income countries, and particularly in more
remote areas where populations are vulnerable, consumption of ASF is still
limited (Grace, 2015).
Generally, the importance livestock
products can be seen in multiple dimensions of day to day activities of human
race which is impacting from different perspectives. They produce food, enhance crop production and provide additional
economic goods and services as well as cash income.
The inclusion of
livestock diversifies and increases total farm production and income, provides
year-round employment and disperses risk. Sales of livestock products provide
funds for purchasing crop inputs and for financing farm investments. Therefore,
this review paper has an objective
to review and discuss the current status food insecurity and its consequences,
the role of livestock products in food/nutrition security and future prospects
of livestock production in eastern Gojjam.
Food
Insecurity Level and Indicator
Food
is not a ‘normal’ commodity, in that it has no substitutes. If we are unable to
obtain adequate food we suffer, and soon die, regardless of how much we possess
of other things. There are four level of food insecurity. These are Global
level food insecurity, National level food insecurity, Household level food
insecurity, Individual level food insecurity (Peter, 2014). Household food
insecurity is a major determinant of nutrition security that can only be fully
understood through a multi-level analysis taking into account global,
national/regional, as well as local, household and individual-level factors
(Frankenberger et al., 1996; UNDP, 2007)
There
are five commonly used methods that can be used to assess food insecurity.
Those were: i) the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) method for
estimating calories available per capita at the national level; ii) household
income and expenditure surveys; iii) individual’s dietary intake; iv)
anthropometry; and v) experience-based food insecurity measurement scales(Perez
and Maria, 2008). Among the above indicators the anthropometric indicators most
commonly used in national surveys are based on weight and height (or length) of
infants, young children, youth and adults.
The
interpretation of the adequacy of the anthropometric indicators is based on
well-established cut-off points. Anthropometric indicators measure the impact
of both food insecurity and health status on the nutritional status of
individuals.
Current
Status of Food Insecurity, Malnutrition and Association of Health Impact
Food
insecurity is a condition in which people experienced limited or uncertain
physical and economic access to safe, sufficient and nutritious food. Household
food insecurity is lack of access to a diet of sufficient quality and quantity
necessary for productive and healthy life(Selegman et al., 2009).
Limited resource and increased food price problems affecting many households of
the world including Ethiopia, are the common factors that affect food
insecurity(Carter et al., 2010; Belachew et al., 2012).
The
average food insecure populations in Ethiopia were estimated to be around
37%(ICP, 2020). studies also show that some parts of Ethiopia like Addis Ababa
(58.16%) Gezmu, (2012), Sidama (54.10 %)Regass, (2011) and west Ethiopia
(53.62%)Seid and Biruk, (2019) were highly food insecure area. The prevalence
of food insecurity in Amhara region is highest than the countries’ average
which is 46%(IPC, 2020). Studies show
that the prevalence of food insecurity in Sekela (73.11%)Shimeles et al.,
(2016), Farta (70.7%,)Endale et al., (2014) and West Gojjam (55.3%) was
confirmed the high food insecurity of the region. Among Amhara region East
Gojjam is the one which have highest prevalence food insecurity ranging from
59.2% to 65.3 is (Achenef et al., 2016; Zewdie, 2017).
The
spatial variation of household food insecurity based on agroecosystem
characteristics in east Gojjam was very high as it is indicated below in the
figure. As it was studied by Zewdie et al., (2017) the overall
prevalence of food insecurity is 65.3%. The highest prevalence household of
food insecurity was from the Abay Valley lowlands. Secondly the highest
prevalence of food insecurity was studied from hilly and mountainous highlands
which is 69.8%. Similarly, midland sloping land with red soil, midland plains
with brown soil and midland plains with black soil Agroecosystem was studied
and it was about 63.5%, 61.7% and 61.5%, of household food insecurity
prevalence respectively. From overall 65.3%of household food insecurity 38.1 %,
23.1% and 4.1% were mildly, moderately and severely food insecure households,
respectively (Zewdie, 2017).
Fig. 1. Spatial
distribution of food insecurity
Fig
2. The severity of food insecurity through spatial distribution
Source:
PhD Dissertation of (Zewdie Aderaw, 2017)
Another study on Choke
Mountain Watersheds in east Gojjam show that Food insecurity across
podoconiosis patients and non-podoconiosis household was 83.7%, 53%
respectively(Kassahun et al., 2018).
In general, inadequate quality and quantity of food supply to the household
members affect the nutritional status of the community(Ermiyas and Bezatu,
2017). Also, it limits growth and development of young children and infants,
increases adolescent school absenteeism, lowers educational attainment, lowers
cognitive and academic performance among children and adolescents and affects
psychosocial interaction (Currie et al., 2011; Martorell et al.,
2010; Dewey and Begum, 2011).
Food
insecurity has also been linked in the literature to a variety of health
outcomes such as: undernutrition, iron deficiency anemia, multiple chronic
conditions, obesity and poor self-rated physical and mental health(Gucciardi et
al., 2009). Food insecure individuals have elevated experience of anxiety,
depression and other symptoms of common mental disorders compared with food
secure individuals(Andrew, 2017; Mulusew et al., 2016).
Studies
conducted in developing countries including Ethiopia indicated that food
insecurity and malnutrition have a direct association. prevalence of
undernutrition can be explained by stunting, underweight wasting and other
related parameters among under-five children.
The
Prevalence Of Stunting, Wasting and Underweight in Eastern Gojjam
Food
insecurity and malnutrition with the association of low food diversity has
directed to different health problems. Studies done in Ethiopia have shown that
children borne to severely and moderately food insecure households were more
likely to be stunted than children borne to food secured households(Ali et
al., 2013; Seifu et al., 2015).
Stunting
is defined as the percentage of children aged 0 to 59 months whose height for
age (HAZ) is below minus two standard deviations (moderate and severe stunting)
from the median of the 2006 WHO Child Growth Standards(WHO, 2018).
Regarding
this, more than one-quarter of under-five children in the developing world are
stunted, and those with poor nutrient intake are at risk of irreversible
cognitive impairment. Stunting is defined as height-for-age z-score below -2.0,
using the current World Health Organization (WHO) standards from the Multi
Growth Reference Study.
Stunting
is a manifestation of severe, irreversible physical, physiological and
cognitive damage caused by chronic malnutrition during a child's first 1,000
days or from the beginning of pregnancy until the age of two years(UNICEF,
2018; World Bank Group, 2016).
Stunted
children are too short for their age. Every year, stunting is the cause of the
death of one million children around the world(UNICEF, 2015) . For the children
who survive, stunting in infancy and early childhood causes long term effects,
including poor cognition and educational performance, diminished physical
development, poor health, lost productivity and low adult wages(Hortonand and
Steckel, 2013; Martorell, 2010; UNICE, 2015).Therefore Childhood stunting is
the best overall indicator of children’s well-being and an accurate reflection
of social inequalities.
In Ethiopia, about two out of every five (38.4
percent) children under five years are stunted(CSA and ICF, 2016;
UNICEF/WHO/World Bank, 2018). The prevalence of stunting was taken into account
to determine the sample size which is considered as the best indicator of
nutritional status of the community and also since it is not affected by acute
events.
According
to the WHO malnutrition classification, when stunting, underweight, and wasting
become more than 40%, 30% and 15% it is considered as very high or critical and
high or serious when stunting, underweight and wasting become in the range of
30–39.9%, 20–29.9% and 10–14.9% in the community respectively(WHO, 1995).
Therefore, the prevalence of malnutrition (stunting and underweight) in East
Gojjam area was in the serious range and
wasting was in the critical range.
According
to Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey( EDHS) (2016) report, compare to the
previous survey report the number of stunted children under five years old
showed a decreasing pattern over the last five years from 44% in 2011 to 38% in
2016 but, still 38% of Ethiopian under five children are suffering from
stunting of them 18% are severely stunted(EDHS, 2011).
In
Amhara Regional State, which is one of the states in Federal Democratic
Republic of Ethiopia, childhood stunting and underweight are decreasing through
time from 57% to 46.3% and 51.8% to 28.4%, respectively, between 2000 and
2016(CSA, ICF International and EDHS, 2016). In the region, like the global and
national trends, childhood wasting did not show improvements over time. The
recent mini EDHS, (2014) and EDHS, (2016) reports indicated that childhood
stunting (42.4% to 46.3%) and underweight (27.9% to 28.4%) increased between
2014 and 2016. Table 1 below shows the trends of childhood under nutrition from
2000 to 2016 in Ethiopia and Amhara Regional State .
Trends
of child undernutrition in Ethiopia and Amhara Regional State, 2000- 2016
Table 1. The nationaland Amhara stunting, Underweight and wasting level
accrose time series
East
Gojjam is one of zones found in Amhara region with highly cereal based cropping
agriculture and highly diverse livestock composition. The prevalence of
stunting in eastern Gojjam ranges from 37.5 to 52.5%(Achenef et al.,
2015; Zwdie, 2017). out of the stunted
children 48.5% and 47.7% boys and girls. From the stunted children about 19.3%
and 28.8 were found in rural and urban areas respectively(Desalegn et al.,
2014).
Similarly,
another indicator of malnutrition is underweight and wasting. The prevalence of
underweight and wasting ranges from 15.3% to 24.3% and 10% to 17.1%
respectively(Zwdie, 2017; Achenef et al., 2015; Abrehet et al.,
2019).
In
east Gojam an important study shows that stunting, underweight and wasting
across diffent agro ecology is vital for different stockholders to meet
sustainable solutions and to full fill the needs of the most vulnerable
community( Zwdie et al., 2017). Knowing the spatial distribution and
determinant factors of child undernutrition is very crucial so as to mitigate
and target nutrition intervention strategies to malnutrition based on the
characteristics of agro ecological which impacts the food security and
malnutrition.
This
spatial variation might be attributed to agronomic related factors, community
climate change vulnerability and adaptive capacity, population pressure,
presence of irrigation(Seifu et al., 2017) and ecosystem services to the
farming community(Ngianga et al., 2011). Different investigations show
the ecosystem characteristics associated with the dietary diversity, which are
recognized as determinant factors of child undernutrition (Johnson et al.,
2013).
Therefore,
child undernutrition spatial variation analysis using the Biophysical elements
taking agroecosystem characteristics into account is very important to target
interventions focusing on resource allocation and mobilizing the community and
different stakeholders.
Table 2: The spatial distribution of
stunting, underweight and wasting in east Gojam
|
Agroecosystem type |
Wasting
(% < -2SD (95% CI)) |
Underweight
(% < -2SD (95% CI)) |
Stunting
(% < -2SD (95% CI)) |
|
Abay valley lowland
plains |
14.8
(12.2, 17.8) |
22.9
(19.7, 26.3) |
42.4
(38.5,46.6) |
|
Midland plain with
black soil |
11.6
(9.3, 14.00) |
22.3
(19.0, 25.5) |
39.4
(35.4,43.4) |
|
Midland plain with
brown soil |
10.6
(8.4, 13.2) |
15.2
(12.4, 18.0) |
38.5
(34.9,42.1) |
|
Midland sloping
land with red soil |
8.3
(6.4,10.7) |
12.2
(9.4, 14.9) |
33.9
(30.0, 37.7) |
|
Hilly and
mountainous plains |
15.9
(13.5, 18.8) |
20.9
(17.6, 24.0) |
41.1
(37.3, 44.6) |
Source: (Zewdie,
2017)
Regardless
of being Model or Non model household farmer in East Gojjam the extent of
stunting, underweight and wasting prevalence was very high(Abrehet et al.,
2019). There are also factors like shortage of farm land, soil erosion, lack of
oxen, poor food production system, outbreak of plant and animal diseases, poor
soil fertility, poor farming technology, weak extension services, poor labor
work force, poor infrastructure and pre- and post-harvest crop loss(Birara et
al., 2015; Diriba, 2018; Jules and Zareen, 2014). This may be related with
major nutritional problems in the diets which leads to dietary diversity
problem, mainly comprising plant-based food sources, but with limited intake of
fruits and vegetables and animal feed sources( Zewdie, 2017; Abrehet et al.,
2019). This might be contributed due to inadequate education, socio economic
status and low household income and in turn have an impact on feeding habit and
food diversity(Abrehet et al., 2019; Desalegn et al., 2014).
Therefore,
sufficient intake of ASF increases fat stores and provides nutrients that are
essential for growth and micronutrients that support the immune system(Zhiying et
al., 2016). Short supply of micronutrients was resulted on infant’s poor
growth. The immune system might also be depressed due to inability of low-fat
mass to secrete leptin that helps stimulate immune system (Trias et al., 2017; FAO, 2013).
The Role of Livestock Products on Food
Security and Nutritional Security
Poor dietary quality due to limited intake
of a variety of animal source foods (ASF), including milk, is a contributing
factor for malnutrition and multiple micronutrient deficiencies among many of
these children(Laurencia et al., 2017). Micronutrient deficiencies occur
in part due to consumption of diets that lack ASF and consist mainly of staple
foods such as cereals and legumes that are devoid of vitamin B12 and have high
fibre and phytate content, resulting in impaired bioavailability of
micronutrients such as Fe and Zn(Herrador et al., 2014; Charllotte et
al., 2002).
The
typical diet in populations with a high prevalence of malnutrition consists
predominantly of a starch-rich staple, such as a cereal (maize, rice) with
limited amounts of fruits, vegetables, legumes, and pulses, and little or no
animal-source food. Such a diet is bulky, has a low density of energy and
nutrients and a low bioavailability of minerals, and will result in impaired
growth, development, and host defense to infections(Michaelsen et al.,
2009).
Animal source foods (ASF)
provide crucial nutrients in highly bioavailable forms to young children during
the complementary feeding period (Iannotti et al., 2018). These foods,
long part of our evolutionary past, likely played a central role for increasing
body and brain size at particular junctures in hominin history(Kuipers et al.,
2011). Iron deficiency with or without anaemia is among the
most prevalent and devastating deficiencies in developing countries and results
in retarded cognitive and motor development, growth, immune function and
physical activity(Daniel et al., 2020). The major causes of iron
deficiency include poor bioavailability of iron in plant-based diets(Richard
and Ines, 2010), inadequate meat consumption (which inherently contains readily
absorbable haem iron), and blood loss due to parasitic infections, particularly
hookworm infections(Charles et al., 2018; Zhiying et al., 2016).
Vitamin
B12 deficiency occurs in populations consuming primarily plant-based diets and
is associated with delayed development, lethargy, anaemia and poor school
performance in children and adolescents(Green et al., 2017). Zn
deficiency is associated with the impairment of multiple biological functions,
including protein synthesis, growth and cell-mediated immunity, and is
associated with delays in cognitive development, lower school scores and lower
levels of physical activity (Judie et al., 2014).
These
are catalytic proteins that signal (or regulate) anabolic processes such as
cellular growth and differentiation. One type, mechanistic target of rapamycin
complex 1 (mTORC1) regulates growth in chondral plates (i.e., part of the bone
where growth takes place) and in skeletal muscle growth. Essential amino acids
are needed for the activation of mTORC(Semba et al., 2016) and the best sources are animal source foods
(ASFs) (meat, poultry, fish, and eggs). Plant sources also contain these, but
typically in much lower concentrations.
In
addition, ASFs are dense in a wide range of micronutrients linked to growth and
cognitive development (iron, B12, choline, zinc), and cow’s milk is uniquely
rich in calcium and its ability to stimulate the secretion of insulin-like
growth factor I (IGF-I), a hormone that stimulates bone and tissue growth(Dror
and Allen, 2011). Maternal and infant fish intake may subtly enhance nuero
development and the child’s early
development of language and communication skills(Julie et al., 2004).
Diets
of rural Ethiopian populations are predominantly plant based with low intakes
of animal-source foods(CSA,EDHS, 2011). Rural populations of low-income
countries’ Diets were dominated by non-refined cereals and legumes which are
rich in phytates that form insoluble complexes with iron, diminishing its
bioavailability(Kishor et al., 2015; Vanesa et al., 2019).
Consumption of animal source foods which contain readily bioavailable iron and
by themselves are Fe-absorption enhancers is low in these populations
(Charlotte et al., 2002).
A
study in Ethiopia revealed that the dietary diversity among school-aged
children was low(Dawd et al., 2016). similarly intake of ASF was a
protective factor against stunting and
zinc deficiency(Laura, 2019).
As
the overall fact Livestock’s contribution goes beyond the production of meat,
milk and eggs, and a number of factors determine their overall impact on food
security(Smith et al., 2013; Debruyn et al., 2015). In
geneneral,the contributions include: the direct supply of essential macro- and
micro-nutrients; the contribution of domesticated animals to agricultural
productivity through manure and draught power; and the income generated by livestock production
at household and national level.
Economic
Contribution of Livestock for Farmers
Benefits
from livestock to food and nutrition security arise both directly (by improving
household diet through increasing access to animal source foods) and indirectly
(by improving income and ability to purchase more diverse foods). As improved
incomes and urbanisation shift diets towards high value commodities such as
meat and milk, the contribution of livestock to economic growth increases
through its multiplier effects with agriculture and other sectors outside
agriculture(McDermott et al., 2010). It is evident that livestock enable
saving, provide security, allow resource-poor households to accumulate assets,
and help finance planned expenditures as well as those that are unplanned (i.e.
illness). Livestock function as insurance policies and bank accounts in many
parts of the developing world(Pell et al., 2010).
Livestock for Crop Production and
Improvement
The
contribution of livestock to crop production through the provision of draught
animal power and manure cannot be overemphasized(Herrero et al., 2010).
Animal manure increases soil fertility, soil structure and water-holding
capacity. To secure soil quality, by-products could be used to feed the soil
and fertilise the crop. But another option is to first feed these by-products
to farm animals to produce ASF for humans, and subsequently recycle the animal
and human excreta to the soil. In this way, we could produce ASF and also
maintain soil quality(Stroebel et al., 2010).
Current
Scenario and Future Prospects of Livestock Production
Ethiopia is endowed
with diverse agro-ecology with its plant and animal diversity. The country is a
Habitat to different species and breeds of animal(EBI, 2014). Currently the
Production systems of livestock in the country is classified by three
catagories(Shapiro et al., 2017; FAO, 2018). These are Mixed crop
livestock production system, Pastoral production system and Specialized urban
and periurban Livestock production (CSA, 2017).
Among the
livestock production system East Gojjam zone is classified under mixed livestock
production and characterized by extensive
farming system with having indegenous livestock breeds mainly for
drought power. The production system is also characterized by Low input and low
output, Dependent on natural resources (free grazing) and Not market
oriented(Alemu and Awoke, 2018).
In the mixed
livestock-crop systems of the Ethiopian highlands and midaltitudes, livestock
production is subordinate, but economically complementary to crop production.
In east Gojjam, livestock, especially cattle, provide traction, which is a
vital contribution to the overall farm labor requirement. Within the integrated
croplivestock production systems, animals play a particular vital role, the
extent of which is dependent on the type of production system, animal species
and scale of the operation(Sebsibe, 2018).
Livestock feed
balance at individual farmer level over the entire production year should
be determined inorder to specfify annual
average livestock holding of farmers. Expansion of grazing land is not a practical
option to increase feed supply. Therefore, increasing food feed crops
production per unit area, conservation of surplus forages, strategic feeding
will increseae livestock products.
Currently the prospects of Livestock in the zone is considered as an
economic driver for job, draft power for food and nutrition security.
CONCLUSION
Food insecurity is a broad term which can
be related with food and nutritional security. Nutritional insecurity and food
diversity are highly affected by different factors that connected wth living
standards of the society, socio economic characteristics, geographic and
climate with its social politics.
Thefore Unsderstanding and reviewing the state
of food and nutritional insecurity for a nation or a particular area has prime importance to identify the gapsand challenges of countries or
specific area for future mitigations and solutions. Regard to this east Gojjam
Zone have divese agroecological conditions with its diversified food crops and
livestock resource. However from the review result the prevalence of food
security ranges 59.2% to 65.3%. Similarly another indicator of malnutrition,
underweight and wasting, was very high in east Gojjam which ranges 15.3% to
24.3% and 10% to 17.1% respectively.
This review show us food security and
malnutrition is sever and might be connected to to the feeding habbit and food
diversity of the area. Since East Gojjam is highly cereal based crop producing
area the diet of the people might lack animal source foods and vegetables. So
the current prospects of the livestock , drought power, job creation and other
things should have to be integrated with day to day dishes of the community.
Thefore improving and intensifying of crop
farming and livestock production should be a primary task for the goverment
institutions, research institutes and NGO’s. Besides the above, working on
integration of crop food and animal source foods on the communities dishes will
reduce the food insecurity as well nutritional security by increasing food diversity
of the diets. Further more specific research on the real causes of food and
nutritional insecurity should be done in east Gojjam.
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