Evaluation of egg quality from
Exotic and local chicken farm gate and market in Lume district Oromia region,
Ethiopia
Alemayehu
Guteta Sufe
Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research,
Bishoftu Agricultural Research Center, P.O. Box 32, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
The study aimed evaluation of egg
quality from the exotic and local chicken farm gate and market in lume district
Oromia region, Ethiopia. A total of 120 eggs from local and exotic chicken were
collected, 60 local eggs from farm gate and
market (30 eggs from three kebele farm gate and 30 eggs from three market
place) and 60 exotic eggs from farm gate and market (30 eggs from three kebele
farm gate and 30 eggs from three market place). There was a significant
difference (p>0.05) in eggshell thickness among the two genotypes and the
two management systems. The result in mm was (0.32 and 0.32) of from market and
exotic higher than local and farm gate (0.30 and 0.29), respectively. The result obtained of Hough unit from farm gate (79.6),
exotic (77.3), local (76.6) significantly difference at (p<0.05) from the market
(74.3). Yolk index was an egg
from farm gate (0.44) and exotic (0.43)
significantly difference at (p<0.05) from, local (0.42) and from the market
(0.40). Egg weight was significantly and positively correlated
(P<0.05) with most of other external egg quality traits like; egg weight
with egg length, egg weight with egg width (breadth),
egg length with and egg width (breadth). A
phenotypic correlation between internal and external egg quality traits
statistically significant positive correlation (P<0.05) was observed in
between egg length with yolk height, egg width (breath) with yolk height, egg
width (breath) with yolk diameter, yolk index with Haugh unit and yolk index
with yolk height. In all egg from market and exotic higher mean value in egg
weight, shape index, shell thickness whereas egg from local, exotic, farm gate
higher mean value Hough unit.
Keywords: Egg
Quality, Exotic, Local, farm gate, Market
With an estimated population of 19 billion and about three chickens
per person, domestic chicken is the most numerous livestock species in the
world (The Economist, 2011). Poultry contributes about 30% of all animal
protein consumed in the world Permin and Pedersen (2000). Moreover, they share
34.6% of the global livestock meat consumption, chicken account for 88% of the
global poultry meat and 30.1% global animal meat (FAO, 2012). The International Food Policy Research Institute IFPRI
(2000) has estimated that by the year 2015 poultry will account for 40% of all
animal protein. Village poultry is a valuable asset to local
populations throughout Africa and they contribute to food security, poverty
alleviation and promote gender equality, especially in the disadvantaged groups
(HIV/AIDS infected and affected people, women, poor farmers) and less favored
areas of rural Africa where the majority of the poor people reside (RSHD, 2011).
Ethiopia
has a huge chicken population with a total population of about 56.1 million
which plays a significant role in human nutrition and as an income source (CSA,
2018). A large amount of national egg and poultry meat production is
contributed from the traditional poultry production system. The dominant
proportion of the national poultry meat and eggs are produced under the
scavenging family poultry production systems using low-producing indigenous
breeds. Chicken under scavenging management total egg productions per hen per
year was 76 regardless of breed type (Alemayehu et al., 2020). However,
exotic breeds in intensive production systems are contributing to an increasing
share of production. In 2016, exotic breeds contributed to more than 27 percent
of the total number of eggs produced nationally, despite they constitute only 9
percent of the total national flock (FAO 2019). The average scavenging chicken
flock size was layers, cock, pullet, cockerels, chicks and total indigenous flock
size per household were 5.39, 2.37, 4.81, 3.94, 6.86, and 15.62 respectively
(Alemayehu et al., 2018).
Fisseha (2009) has stated that village chicken production plays a
strategic role and occupies a unique position in terms of its contribution to
the provision of high-quality protein foods and additional income to rural
smallholder farming families. Ethiopia with
the annual estimated production of 41,000 tons of eggs and 61,840 tons of
chicken meat contributed only 0.1% share of the global production and 9.7% egg
and 11.73% chicken meat of East Africa respectively, (FAOSTAT, 2016). As far as
egg consumption is concerned, it has been accepted worldwide as a staple food
and included as an important ingredient in a balanced human diet. The quality
trait of an egg is those that affect its acceptability to the consumer. The
quality of an egg depends on the physical makeup and chemical composition of
its constituent namely eggshell, albumen, and yolk. The internal quality of egg
involves the quality of yolk and albumen, which were influence by breeding,
feeding, housing, and management, (Ponap C.G. 1982.) Therefore, is designed to contribute to filling the gap and set with the
following objectives: To
evaluate the external and internal qualities of eggs from farm gate collected
from different sources in the Lume district.
The study was conducted in Oromia regional state; East Shewa zone Lumedistrict where which is one of the mandate
areas of the Livestock and Irrigation
Value chains for Ethiopian Smallholders (LIVES) project. The district
was bordered on the South by the Koka Reservoir, on the West by Ada’aChukala,
on the North West by Gimbichu, on the North by East Adama town. The capital
town of the district is Modjo which is located 70 km South-East
of Addis Ababa. Due to the geographical proximity of the Lume to Addis Ababa,
it has a great advantage for market access for both agricultural and industrial
products.
The activity was an analysis of the
internal and external quality of marketable eggs of local and exotic chicken
(eggs that are not used for hatching purposes) collected from the farm gate and
market of Lumedistrict. Sixty local
eggs from farm gate and market (30 eggs from three kebele farm gate and
30 eggs from three market place) and 60exoticeggs from the farm gate and market
(30 eggs from three kebele farm gate
and 30 eggs from three market place)total of 120 eggs from local and exotic
chicken were collected for egg quality.
Egg
Quality Traits; Egg samples were collected from farmer’s gates and markets then transported to
DZARC laboratory to evaluate internal and external egg quality traits.
i.
External egg quality indicators
a. Egg weight were taken by
using a sensitive balance (g)
b. Egg shape index (%)
The
length (mm) and breadth (mm) of each egg was taken using a digital caliper
meter and the egg shape index was calculated using the following definition
(Panda, 1996)
Egg shape index (%)=------------------------ x 100
Egg length (mm)
c. Egg shell thickness (mm), using digital caliper
For
measuring shell thickness, the shell was cleaned using tissue paper and
air-dried at room temperature. After 24 hours, three pieces of the shell were
taken from the narrow side (sharp region), the middle side (equatorial region),
and the broad-end side (blunt region) of each egg, and shell membranes were
removed and then measured by a digital caliper meter. The shell thickness (mm)
was calculated as an average of the thicknesses of the three pieces.
d. Eggshell color by visual observation
ii. Internal egg quality indicators
a.
Haugh Unit (HU)
The HU is used to
determine the quality (firmness) of the egg white (albumen). The albumen height was taken by breaking an egg on a glass upon a
table. The height was measured using an albumen
height meter (dial compressor gauge) on the middle of thick albumen on both
sides opposite to the chalazae as an average of two sides. HU was calculated as the ratio between egg weight and albumen
height (mm).
The
Individual
HU was calculated using the formula albumen height
and egg weight (Haugh, 1937)
HU = 100 log (AH + 7.57 – 1.7EW 0.37) Where:
AH = Measured Albumen Height in mm and
EW = Egg Weight in grams.
b.
Yolk index
Yolk index is a measure of the standing-up quality of
the yolk. It is obtained by dividing the height of the yolk by its diameter.
The measurements were made after the egg was broken on a glass upon a table. The same semi-automatic device, which was used for
albumen height, measured the yolk height; measuring the distance between the
glass plate and the top of the yolk of the broken egg. Yolk diameter was
measured horizontally using a digital caliper meter. Yolk height and
yolk diameter was used to calculate yolk indices of the eggs following the
formula (Panda, 1996)
Yolk
Height (mm)
Yolk Index
= ---------------------------
Yolk Diameter (mm)
c.
Yolk color by measured using color fun, range 1-15
The color of the yolk is important to the consumer and is greatly
influenced by the feed given to the chicken. Egg yolk colors were described by
Roche Color Fan. The Roche Color Fan comprises the range of yolk colors as
produced under conventional, natural feeding conditions. It consists of a series
of fifteen colored plastic strips, varying from a very pale yellow to a deep,
intense reddish-orange. They thus provide an objectively defined color standard
for the evaluation of egg yolk. Yolk color was determined by adjusting the
score of the yolk color fan. The score was recorded after the albumen and yolk
height were measured for each of the eggs under the test.
d.
Albumen height (mm),
using tripod micrometer
e.
Presence of blood spot and meat spot by candling
The qualitative and quantitative data were analyzed using
appropriate statistical analysis software (SPSS, version 20). The Duncan
multiple range test and LSD were used to locate treatment means that are
significantly different. Pearson correlation analysis was conducted to describe
chicken production performance and egg quality indicators. Also mean, SD, and
percentage are statistics summarized. The phenotypic correlation values related
to the breed and internal and external egg quality traits were determined by
the Pearson Correlation Analysis and SAS for indicating the significant
difference.
Egg Quality Study
A variety of
egg quality parameters were considered and analyzed for this specific study.
Some of these internal and external egg quality parameters identified included:
egg weight, shell thickness, shape index, shell color, yolk color, Haugh unit,
albumen height, and yolk height. All the external egg quality results evaluated
in this study were presented in (Table 31). Internal and external egg equality
of two genotypes and two management determined after collecting from three kebeles and three market place. The external and internal qualities of an egg
are of major importance to the egg industry worldwide. However, they are not
being given due attention in the developing world, where the majority of the
eggs are coming from free scavenging village chicken, as compared to that of
the developed world (Juliet, 2004).
The study indicates that egg weight
significantly differences at (p<0.05) across the exotic 56.8g higher than
farm gate (51.8g), higher than the market (49.8g), and higher than local
chicken (44.9g)(Table1). The difference might be because of breed type and
egg which found at the market was big size. The result was greater than Misbaet al.,(2011) reported that the RIR x
Local had egg weight (44.2g) than Fayomi x
Local (40.0g) and Local (38.3g) from Berea Watershed in Guraghe zone, Southern Ethiopia and Ethiopian
naked-neck chickens under intensive management produced eggs with an average
weight of 44.4g (Aberra, 2000) which is comparable with local chicken but lower
than that of exotic chicken, farm gate and market eggs in the study area.
There was a significant difference (p>0.05) in eggshell
thickness among the two genotypes and the two management systems. The result in
mm was (0.32 and 0.32) of from market and exotic higher than local and farm
gate (0.30 and 0.29), respectively. This result
was similar to Misbaet al., (2011)
eggshell thickness in mm was (0.31, 0.30, and 0.31)
for Fay x Local, RIR x Local, and Local, respectively. Hocking et al. (2003)
reported no significant difference in eggshell thickness of commercial and
traditional breeds. Similar findings were reported by Padhi (1998);
Doyon et al. (1986) and Tsarenko and
Karaseva (1986). The average shell thickness for local chickens obtained from
the present study was higher than those reported by Fissehaet al., (2010a) for local chickens in Northwest Ethiopia under
scavenging conditions. Under intensive management, Aberra et al., (2010) reported a shell thickness of (0.37mm) for Ethiopian
naked-neck chickens, which is much higher than observed in the present study.
Any blood spot and meat spot not observed on eggshell color and 66.6%, 16.7%,
and 16.7% eggshell color were creamy, brown, and white respectively observed in
the study area.
Table 1: External egg quality traits
the two genotypes and management systems. (n=120)
|
Parameters |
Mean ± SE |
|||||||
|
Breed |
|
Management |
||||||
|
Local |
Exotic |
Farm gate |
Market |
|||||
|
Egg weight(g) |
44.9±0.51b |
56.8 ±0.51a |
|
51.8±0.51b |
49.8±0.51a |
|||
|
Shape index (%) |
74.5±0.36b |
76.6±0.36a |
74.8 ±0.36b |
76.3±0.36a |
||||
|
Shell thickness (mm) |
0.30±0.01b |
0.32 ±0.01a |
|
0.29 ±0.01b |
0.32±0.01a |
|||
a,b,
Means
between genotypes and management within a row with different superscript
letters are significantly different (p<0.05)
The Haugh unit (HU) determines the freshness of the albumen
quality and thus, the higher the HU the better would be the albumen quality
(Aberra, 2007). The result obtained ofHoughunit from
farm gate (79.6), exotic (77.3), local (76.6)significantly difference at
(p<0.05) from the market (74.3). The result, lower than local and local
x fayomi but higher than RIR x local by Misbaet al.,(2011). Also, the yolk
index was an egg from farm gate (0.44)and exotic (0.43) significantly difference at
(p<0.05) from, local (0.42) and from the market (0.40). This yolk index result was lower than Misbaet al.,(2011). According to the works of Aberra et al., (2010), a yolk index value of (0.45) was obtained for
Ethiopian naked-neck chickens under intensive management which is exactly
similar to that of RIR x Local genotype. The same authors found a yolk index of
(46.3) for F1 crosses of naked-neck with New Hampshire which is comparable to
those obtained from Local and Fay x Local genotypes.
The
yolk color of the study was non-significant observed which (10.8, 10.9, 10.8,
and 10.6) of a local chicken egg, exotic egg, the egg from the farm gate, and
egg from the market, respectively, the result was higher than Misbaet al.,(2011) reported. The yolk
color values reported in the current study are much lower than observed in
Ethiopian naked-neck chickens and their F1 crosses with White Leghorn and New
Hampshire breeds under an intensive management system (Aberra et al., 2010). Egg’s internal
quality could be influenced by factors like genetic factors, environmental
factors (such as temperature and relative humidity), hen age, nutrition status,
egg storage condition and storage time (Juliet, 2004). Halima (2007) reported
the color of the egg yolk is mainly dependent on the type of ration and the
management systems of the chickens. The eggs collected from the local, exotic
farm gate and market no significant difference of yolk color. This might be in the
study area of all chickens through scavenging access to green plants and other
feed sources rich in xanthophyll.
The
study indicated that the marketable eggs collected from the study district were
relatively good in quality based on the obtained average Haugh unit value
(76.9). This might be attributed to good handling and storage of eggs until the
sale since egg Haugh unit value is highly correlated with storage condition and
duration of eggs. Therefore, interventions focused on increasing awareness of
farmers in the proper handling of eggs could be important.
Table 2: Internal egg quality traits
the two genotypes and management systems. (n=120)
|
Parameters |
Mean ± SE |
||||||
|
Breed |
|
|
Management |
|
|||
|
Local |
Exotic |
Farm gate |
Market |
||||
|
Hough unit |
76.60±1.1a |
77.30±1.1a |
|
|
79.60±1.05a |
74.30±4.05b |
|
|
Yolk index |
0.42±0.01b |
0.43±0.01a |
|
|
0.44±0.01a |
0.40±0.01b |
|
|
Yolk color |
10.80±0.22 |
10.9 ±0.22 |
|
|
10.8±0.22 |
10.90 ±0.22 |
|
a,b,Means between
genotypes and management within a row
with different superscript letters are significantly different (p<0.05)
The results of this study revealed that egg weight was
significantly and positively correlated(P<0.05) with most of other external
egg quality traits like; egg weight with egg length, egg weight with egg width
(breadth), egg length with and egg width (breadth)(Table3). The
result as similar to Misbaet al.,
(2011) reported that a significant positive
correlation was observed between egg weight (EW) and egg length (EL) as well as
egg breadth (EB) for the three genotypes of Local, Fay x Local and RIR x Local. Also, Fisseha (2009) also revealed
that egg weight was significantly and positively correlated(P<0.05) with
most of other external egg quality traits like; egg width, egg length, egg
shape index, eggshell thickness, and dry shell weight.
A phenotypic correlation between internal and external egg quality
traits statistically significant positive correlation (P<0.05) was observed
in between egg length with yolk height, egg width (breath) with yolk height,
egg width (breath) with yolk diameter, yolk index with Haugh unit and yolk
index with yolk height is presented
in (Table 3). The result similar to Fisseha(2009) also revealed that a significant
positive correlation (P<0.05) was observed between the albumen height and
other egg quality traits like; yolk height and Haugh unit. Also, Misbaet al., (2011) reported that HU and YI were highly positively correlated with albumen
height (AH) and yolk height (YH), respectively. Although not
significant, a negative correlation between HU and EW was observed for Local and RIR x Local
genotypes. In this study, a statistically important negative correlation
value was observed between egg shape index with egg length, egg shape index with
yolk index, egg shape index with Haugh unit, eggshell thickness with Hough
unit, eggshell thickness with yolk diameter, yolk color with yolk index, yolk
color with Hough unit and yolk index with yolk diameter.
Table 3: Correlation relationship between internal and external egg
quality traits
|
|
EW |
ESI |
EL |
EB |
EST |
YC |
YI |
HU |
YH |
YD |
|
EW |
1 |
.196* |
.261** |
.286 |
.156 |
.125* |
.168 |
.108 |
.225 |
.074 |
|
|
|
(.032) |
(.004) |
(.002) |
(.088) |
(.174) |
(.066) |
(.240) |
(.013) |
(.423) |
|
ESI |
|
1 |
-.142 |
.247** |
.190* |
.281** |
-.110 |
-.033 |
.029 |
.141 |
|
|
|
|
(.122) |
(.007) |
(.037) |
(.002) |
(.230) |
(.717) |
(.753) |
(.124) |
|
EL |
|
|
1 |
.597** |
.170 |
-.081 |
.160 |
.071 |
.608** |
.149 |
|
|
|
|
|
(.000) |
(.063) |
(.378) |
(.080) |
(.439) |
(.000) |
(.103) |
|
EB |
|
|
|
1 |
.064 |
.202* |
.105 |
.131 |
.588** |
.395** |
|
|
|
|
|
|
(.488) |
(.027) |
(.252) |
(.155) |
(.000) |
(.000) |
|
EST |
|
|
|
|
1 |
.138 |
.032 |
-.002 |
.032 |
-.103 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(.133) |
(.733) |
(.986) |
(.726) |
(.263) |
|
YC |
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
-.003 |
-.081 |
.021 |
.031 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(.970) |
(.379) |
(.818) |
(.735) |
|
YI |
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
.598** |
.316** |
-.197* |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(.000) |
(.000) |
(.031) |
|
HU |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
.194* |
.044 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(034) |
(.636) |
|
YH |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
.025 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(.783) |
|
YD |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
* Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (p<0.05); ** Correlation is significant at the
0.01 level (p<0.01). EW=egg weight, EST=egg shell
thickness, ESI=egg shape index, HU=Haugh unit, YI=yolk
index, YC=yolk color, EL=egg length, EB=egg
breadth, YH=yolk height, YD=yolk diameter, Correlation
(with p in bracket) relationship between various internal and external egg
quality traits for eggs of local and exotic from farm gate and market (n=120),
Highlighted values in the body correspond to significantly correlated
variables.
External egg quality traits of egg weight from exotic and market higher
than from local breed and farm gate, it might be the difference were because of
genetic (breed) difference and in the market, the farmer provides big size
eggs. Internal egg quality trait, yolk index from the farm gate, and exotic
significant difference egg from local and markets. Its shows internal egg
quality traits Haugh unit (HU) determines the freshness of the albumen quality
and, it might be because of weight loss during transportation and marketing. Any blood spot and meat spot not observed on eggshell color and
66.6%, 16.7%, and 16.7% eggshell color was creamy, brown, and white,
respectively, observed in the study area.
This piece of
work is funded by the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), LIVIS.
The authors are grateful to all interviewed village chicken owners, and other
participants who assisted with every activity of this work.
FUNDING
The author received funding for this study
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