Calcium Requirement in Relation to Milk Fever of Dairy Animals
Abstract
The objective of this review paper is to compile recent findings and give an overview of dairy animals’ calcium requirement for milk fever. Dietary imbalance and inadequate management of dairy cow feeding programs can cause a wide range of health problems, termed metabolic disorders. Periparturient hypocalcemia, often known as milk fever, is a metabolic condition that affects dairy cows around the time they give birth. Dairy animals’ calcium requirements are moderate throughout the dry period but skyrocketed when lactation begins at calving. If the cow body fails to respond to the demand immediately the blood calcium concentration falls below a crucial level, causing clinical or subclinical milk fever, because plasma calcium is essential for neurotransmission affected animals will develop muscle weakness. Sometimes cows develop recumbency, and eventually coma and death. Therefore, administering intravenous calcium salt infusion is the best and fastest way to restore normal plasma calcium levels, and the use of different nutritional approaches has a remarkable role in preventing the sharp drop of blood calcium that occurs during parturition and also avoiding economic loss.
Downloads
References
Aberaw A. 2017. Status of Parturient Paresis (Hypocalcaemia and Milk Fever) on Dairy Farm in Addis Ababa City, Ethiopia. European Journal of Applied Sciences. 9: 06-10.
Amaral-Phillips D. 2017. Clinical and Subclinical hypocalcemia or milk fever in dairy cows.
Angassa Tesfaye. 2019. Calcium requirement in relation to milk fever for high yielding dairy cows: a review. Journal of Faculty of Food Engineering. 4: 27- 35.
Ashok Kumar and Simar Kaur. 2017. Calcium: A Nutrient in Pregnancy. J. Obstet Gynaecol India. 67(5): 313-318. doi: 10.1007/s13224-017-1007-2.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13224-017-1007-2
PMid:28867880 PMCid:PMC5561751
Bewley, J.M. and M.M. Schutz, 2008. Review: An interdisciplinary review of body condition scoring for dairy cattle. Prof. Anim. Sci. 24: 507-529.
https://doi.org/10.15232/S1080-7446(15)30901-3
Bhanugopan M.S. and Lievaart J. 2014. Survey on the occurrence of milk fever in dairy cows and the current preventive strategies adopted by farmers in New South Wales, Australia. Aust Vet J. 92: 200-205.
https://doi.org/10.1111/avj.12183
PMid:24862998
Bill Weiss. 2020. Mineral Requirements of Dairy Cattle: Emphasis on organic minerals. Journal of Animal Science. 98(3)141.
https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa054.246
PMCid:PMC7701399
Bradford, P., 1996. Disorders of calcium metabolism. Large Animal Internal Medicine, 2 edition, Donlading Press, USA, pp: 1464-1470.
Cecilia K. 2011. Minerals to Dairy Cows with Focus on Calcium and Magnesium Balance. Doctoral Thesis Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala.
Chapinal N., Carson M., Duffield T. F., Capel M., Godden S., Overton M., Santos J. E., and LeBlanc S. J. 2011. The association of serum metabolites with clinical disease during the transition period. J. Dairy Sci. 94:4897-4903.
https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2010-4075
PMid:21943741
Chapinal N.S., LeBlanc M., Carson K., Leslie S., Godden M., Capel J., et al. 2012. Herd-level association of serum metabolites in the transition period with disease, milk production, and early lactation reproductive performance. J Dairy Sci. 95: 5676-5682.
https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2011-5132
PMid:22863094
Contreras L., Ryan C. and Overton T. 2004. Effects of dry cow grouping strategy and prepartum body condition score on performance and health of transition dairy cows. Journal of dairy science. 87: 517-523.
https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(04)73191-4
Crivei I.C., Crivei L.A, Cozma A. P., Bugeac T. and Bugeac C.M. 2021. Milk Fever and Related Postpartum Diseases in Dairy Cattle - A Review. Series Veterinary Medicine. 64(4)
DeGaris P. and Lean I. 2008. Milk fever in dairy cows: A review of pathophysiology and control principles. Vet J. 176: 58-69.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2007.12.029
PMid:18329301
Donna M. Amaral-Phillips. nd. Subclinical Hypocalcemia, or Milk Fever, in Dairy Cows - Why All the Fuss? https://afs.ca.uky.edu/content/subclinical-hypocalcemia-or-milk-fever-dairy-cows-%E2%80%94-why-all-fuss
Erickson, P. S., and Kalscheur, K. F. 2020. Nutrition and feeding of dairy cattle. Animal Agriculture, 157-180.
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-817052-6.00009-4
PMCid:PMC7153313
Erkihun Tadesse and Lingerih Belete. 2015. An Overview on Milk Fever in Dairy Cattle in and Around West Shoa. World Journal of Biology and Medical Sciences. 2(4): 115-125.
Felsenfeld A.J., Rodríguez M. and Aguilera-Tejero E. 2007. Dynamics of parathyroid hormone secretion in health and secondary hyperparathyroidism. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2: 1283-1305,
https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.01520407
PMid:17942777
Fleischer P.M., Metzner M., Beyersbach M., Hoedemaker M. and Klee W. 2001. The relationship between milk yield and the incidence of some diseases in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 84: 2025-2035.
https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(01)74646-2
Goff J.P. 2017. Mineral Nutrition. Large Dairy Herd Management. 3rd ed. Champaign, IL: FASS.
https://doi.org/10.3168/ldhm.0849
Goff P. 2008. The monitoring, prevention, and treatment of milk fever and subclinical hypocalcemia in dairy cows. The Veterinary Journal. 176:50-57.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2007.12.020
PMid:18342555
Goff P. nd. Mechanisms of calcium metabolism in the dairy cow; relation to hypocalcemia. Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA USA. https://veerkrachtdairycongress.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/5.-Jesse-Goff-Mechanisms-of-calcium-metabolism-in-dairy-cows.pdf
Goff, J.P., 2008, 'The monitoring, prevention, and treatment of milk fever and subclinical hypocalcemia in dairy cows. Veterinary Journal. 176, 50-57.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2007.12.020
PMid:18342555
Greg B., Rick V., and John F.S. 1998. Controlling Milk Fever and Hypocalcemia in Dairy Cattle: Use of Dietary Cation-Anion Difference (DCAD) in Formulating Dry Cow Rations. Technical Report of Extension Dairy Specialist, 1998, Kansas State University.
Heinrichs A.J. and Zanton G. 2016. Precision Feeding Dairy Heifers: Strategies and Recommendations. Penn State Extension.
Jenny Bellini. 2019. Milk fever. A review. Veterinary Practice Today. 7(1): 46-49.
Kononoff P.J., Snow D. D., and Christiansen. 2017. Drinking Water for Dairy Cattle. Large Dairy Herd Management. 3rd ed. Champaign, IL: FASS.
https://doi.org/10.3168/ldhm.0845
Krehbiel C.R. 2014. Applied nutrition of ruminants: Fermentation and digestive physiology. Professional Animal Scientist. 30: 129.
https://doi.org/10.15232/S1080-7446(15)30100-5
Lean I., DeGaris P., McNeil D. and Block E. 2006. 'Hypocalcemia in dairy cows: Meta-analysis and dietary cation anion difference theory revisited. Journal of Dairy Science. 89: 669-684.
https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(06)72130-0
Martinez N., Risco C. A., Lima F. S., Bisinotto R. S., Greco L. F., Ribeiro E. S., Maunsell F., Galvao K., and Santos J. E.. 2012. Evaluation of peripartal calcium status, energetic profile, and neutrophil function in dairy cows at low or high risk of developing uterine disease. J. Dairy Sci. 95:7158-7172.
https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2012-5812
PMid:23021755
Martinez N., Risco C.A., Lima F.S., Bisinotto R.S., Greco L.F., Ribeiro E.S., et al. 2012. Evaluation of peripartal calcium status, energetic profile, and neutrophil function in dairy cows at low or high risk of developing uterine disease. J Dairy Sci. 95(12):7158-72.
https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2012-5812
PMid:23021755
Martín-Tereso J. and Martens H. 2014. Calcium and magnesium physiology and nutrition in relation to the prevention of milk fever and tetany (dietary management of macrominerals in preventing disease). Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract. 30: 643-670.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvfa.2014.07.007
PMid:25245611
McArt, J. 2019. Being a Mom is Hard: Calcium Demands of Early Lactation Dairy Cows. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/2MoTVvu.
McClearn B., Delaby L., Gilliland T.J., Guy C., Dineen M., Coughlan F., Buckley F., McCarthy B. 2020. An assessment of the production, reproduction, and functional traits of Holstein-Friesian, Jersey × Holstein-Friesian, and Norwegian Red × (Jersey × Holstein-Friesian) cows in pasture-based systems. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2019-17476.
https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2019-17476
PMid:32253035
Moorhouse Julia. 2017. Mineral nutrition of lactating dairy cattle. Livestock, 22(4), 178-181.
https://doi.org/10.12968/live.2017.22.4.178
Mulligan F., Grady O., Rice D., Doherty M. 2006. Production diseases of the transition cow: Milk fever and subclinical hypocalcaemia. Irish Veterinary Journal. 59: 697-702.
NRC (National Research Council). 2001. Nutrient requirements of dairy cattle. 7th Rev. Ed. National academy press, Washington DC.
Oetzel G. 2011. Non-infectious diseases: Milk fever. In Encyclopedia of dairy Sciences; Academic Press, San Diego. 2: 239-245.
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-374407-4.00145-X
Ostergaard S., Sorensen J. and Houe H. 2003. A stochastic model simulating milk fever in a dairy herd. Prev Vet. Med. 58: 125-143.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-5877(03)00049-7
Patel V.R., Kansara J.D., Patel B., Patel P.B. and Patel S.B. 2011. Prevention of Milk fever: Nutritional Approach. Veterinary World. 4.
https://doi.org/10.5455/vetworld.4.278
Paudyal S., Maunsell F., Richeson J., Risco C., Donovan D., and Pinedo P. 2018. Rumination time and monitoring of health disorders during early lactation. Animal. 12(7): 1484-1492.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731117002932
PMid:29143705
Pavan Sureka. 2020. Calcium and the Dairy Cattle. Yorspharmaceutical. https://yorspharmaceuticals.com/2020/11/09/calcium-the-dairy-cattle/
Peter J. DeGaris, Ian J. Lean. 2009. Milk fever in dairy cows: A review of pathophysiology and control principles. The Veterinary Journal.176: 58-69
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2007.12.029
PMid:18329301
Prapong S., Reinhardt T.A., Goff J.P. and Horst R.L., 2005, 'Short communication: Ca2+- adenosine triphosphatase protein expression in the mammary gland of periparturient cows', Journal of Dairy Science. 88:1741-1744.
https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(05)72847-2
Radostits O., Gay C., Hinchcliff K. and Constable P. 2007. Parturient paresis. Veterinary Medicine textbook 10th Edition. Elsevier Saunders, London. 1626-1644.
Radostits O., Gay C.C., Hinchcliff K., Constable P., Jacobs D., Ikede B. et al. 2007, Veteriary medicine: A textbook of the diseases of cattle, sheep, pigs, goats and horses, Saunders Co, London.
Rajesh Singh. 2021. Role of Calcium & Its Supplementation Tips to Dairy Cattle. Pashudhan Prahare.
Ramberg, C.F. 1972. Computer-assisted modeling of the calcium system: kinetics of gastrointestinal calcium transport. In: Payne, J.M., Hibbitt, K.G., Sansom, B.F. (Eds.), Production Diseases in Farm Animals. Baillie're Tindall, London, UK, pp. 195-200.
https://doi.org/10.2172/4446105
Rehage J. and Kaske M. 2004. Interaction between milk yield and productive diseases in dairy cows. Proc. Soc. Nutr. Physiol. 13: 177-182.
Reinhardt T. A., Lippolis J. D., McCluskey B. J., Goff J. P., and Horst R. L. 2011. Prevalence of subclinical hypocalcemia in dairy herds. Vet. J. 188:122-124.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2010.03.025
PMid:20434377
Roberts T., Chapinal N., Leblanc S. J., Kelton D. F., Dubuc J., and Duffield T. F. 2012. Metabolic parameters in transition cows as indicators for early-lactation culling risk. J. Dairy Sci. 95:3057- 3063.
https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2011-4937
PMid:22612941
Roche J.R. and Berry D.P. 2006. Periparturient climatic, animal, and management factors influencing the incidence of milk fever in grazing systems. J Dairy Sci. 89: 2775-2783.
https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(06)72354-2
Sabry Ahmed El-khodery, Hala Abdelmenem Rizk Saed, Hussam Mohamed Mohamed Ibrahim and Mohamed Ahmed Youssef. 2020. Prevalence and potential risk factors of hypocalcemia in dairy cows during transition period at Northern Egypt, Mansoura Veterinary Medical Journal. 21(1): 21-30.
https://doi.org/10.35943/mvmj.2020.21.104
Schwab C.G. and Broderick G.A.A. 2017. 100-year review: protein and amino acid nutrition in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci.;100:10094e10112.
https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2017-13320
PMid:29153157
Sefinew Alemu, Zegeye Alelgn, Seid Saudik, Wassie Molla, Tsegaw Fentie and Wudu Temesgen Jemberu. 2022. Reduced Milk Production, Economic Losses, and Risk Factors Associated to Subclinical Hypocalcemia in Holstein Friesian × Zebu Crossbreed Cows in North-West Ethiopia. Vet. Sci. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2022.771889.
PMid:35425832
Seifi H. A., Leblanc S. J., Leslie K. E., and Duffield T. F. 2011. Metabolic predictors of post-partum disease and culling risk in dairy cattle. Vet. J. 188:216-220.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2010.04.007
PMid:20457532
SNV. 2017. Dairy Cattle Feeding and Nutrition management. Training Package for Dairy Extension Workers. Part I Training manual Part II Training Guideline
Sue Macky. 2011. Calcium and the Dairy Cow. www.ONTIME.co.nz. 1-20
Thirunavukkarasu M., Kathiravan G., Kalaikannan A. and Jebarani, W. 2010. 'Quantifying economic losses due to milk fever in dairy farms. Agricultural Economics Research Review. 23: 77-81.
Venjakob P. L., Borchardt S. and Heuwieser W. 2017. Hypocalcemia-Cow-level prevalence and preventive strategies in German dairy herds. Journal of Dairy Science. 100:9258-9266. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2016-12494.
https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2016-12494
PMid:28865859
Weiss W.P. 2014. Minerals and Vitamins for Dairy Cows: Magic Bullets or Just Bullets? https://ecommons.cornell.edu/handle/1813/36547.
Wilhelm A. L., Maquivar M. G., Bas S., Brick T. A., Weiss W. P., Bothe H., Velez J. S., and Schuenemann G. M. 2017. Effect of serum calcium status at calving on survival, health, and performance of postpartum Holstein cows and calves under certified organic management. J. Dairy Sci. 100:3059-3067.
https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2016-11743
PMid:28189322
Copyright (c) 2022 Muhammed Nurye Gebeyehu, Getachew Animut
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.