Molecular Characterization of Livestock Breeds in Ethiopia: A Review
Livestock characterization
Abstract
This paper is aimed to review and discuss the methods and criteria that are currently available from research and past experiences concerning the molecular characterization of livestock breeds in Ethiopia. Molecular characterization is defined as the complementary procedures used to unravel the genetic basis of phenotypes, their patterns of inheritance from one generation to the next, within-breed genetic structure and levels of variability, and relationships between breeds. It is characterized at the molecular level without any effect of environment or development or physiological state of the organism. That’s why DNA-based markers are called molecular markers. Because of the low level of polymorphism observed in proteins, and hence limited applicability in diversity studies, DNA-level polymorphisms are the choice of molecular genetic characterization. Characterization of animal genetic resources encompasses all activities associated with the identification, quantitative and qualitative description, and documentation of breed populations. Its objective is to increase knowledge of Animal Genetic Resources (AnGR), their abundance, and their potential for future uses, in wider environments. The importance of molecular characterization of animal genetic resources and its relevance is only slowly being accepted by policymakers in Ethiopia. The presence of economic crisis, fiscal constraints, rapid social change, and frequent political instabilities associated with major policy changes are the major contributing factors. The most severe issues that have limited molecular genetics advancement and conservation of AnGRs are poverty and lack of expertise or deficiency in specialized animal breeders. Thus, possible solutions and recommendations for such challenges are monetary support from the government, global initiatives, capacity-building, communication, public awareness, livestock-related policy, and motivating the role of the public and private sectors.
Downloads
References
Alok, B., Reddy, P., Prakash, G.M. and Sakaram, D. (2017). Cytogenetic Characterization of Ongole Cattle. IJABR, VOL.7 (3): 574-577.
Amber Hassen, (2017). AFLP, RFLP & RAPD. A znostics the Dignostic Center, WHO. Available at: https://www.slideshare.net/Aznostics/aflp-rflp-rapd.
Amit, K. (2018). Molecular markers in Genome Analysis. Amplified fragment length Polymorphism (AFLP). Research Scholar (Ph.D.) at JNCASR, Slide presentation. https://www.slideshare.net/amitkumar2981/molecular-markers-in-genome-analysis-rflp
Desalegn, G. (2008). Assessment of problems/constraints associated with artificial insemination service in Ethiopia. MSc thesis, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia.
Dossa, L. H., Wollny, C. & Gauly, M. (2007). Spatial variation in goat populations from Benin as revealed by multivariate analysis of morphological traits. Small Rum Res, 73:150–159.
Ducos, A., Revay, T. & Kovacs, A. (2008). Cytogenetic screening of livestock populations in Europe: an overview. Cytogenetic and Genome Research 120, 26–41. retrieved from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18467823/
Edea, Z., Dessie T., Dadi, H., Do, K. T., Kim, K. S. (2017). Genetic diversity and population structure of Ethiopian sheep populations revealed by high-density SNP markers. Front. Genet. 8:218. 10.3389/fgene.2017.00218 [Europe PMC free article. Cross Ref., Google Scholar.
Edea, Z., Dessie, T., Dadi, H., Do, K. T., Kim, K. S. (2014). Linkage Disequilibrium and Genomic Scan to Detect Selective Loci in Cattle Populations Adapted to Different Ecological Conditions in Ethiopia. Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics, 131, 358-366.https://doi.org/10.1111/jbg.12083.
ESAP (Ethiopian Society of Animal Production). (2007). Policy and Research Recommendations and final declaration of the 15thannual Conference of the ESAP, recommendations series No.2. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
ESAP (Ethiopian Society of Animal Production). (2009). Commercialization of Livestock Agriculture in Ethiopia. Proceedings of the 16th Annual conference of the ESAP. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, October 8 to 10, 2008. Part II Technical Session.ESAP, Addis Ababa, 329 pp.
FAO (Food and Agricultural Organization). (2013). Status and trends of animal genetic resources 2012, pp. 24. Food and Agriculture Organization, Commission on Animal Genetic Resources, Rome, Italy.
FAO (Food and Agricultural organization). (2015). The Second Report on the State of the World’s Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, edited by B.D. Scherf& D. Pilling.
FAO. (2012). Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture Assessments. Rome (available at http://www.fao.org/3/a i4787e/index.html)
FAO. (2012). Phenotypic characterization of animal genetic resources. FAO Animal Production and Health Guidelines No. 11. Rome.
Getnet, M. T., Tesfaye, K., Mwai, O. A., Djikeng, A., Dessie, T., Birungi, J., Osama, S., Zergaw, N., Alemu, A., Achieng, G., Tutah, J., Mutai, C., Njuguna, J. & Mwacharo, J. M. (2017). Mitochondrial DNA variation reveals maternal origins and demographic dynamics of Ethiopian indigenous goats. Vol. 3;8(3):1543-1553. doi: 10.1002/ece3.3710. PMID: 29435231; PMCID: PMC5792515.
Gizaw, S., Komen, H., Hanote, O., van Arendonk, J.A.M., Kemp, S., Aynalem, H., Mwai, O. & Tadelle, D. (2011). Characterization and conservation of indigenous sheep genetic resources: A practical framework for developing countries. ILRI Research Report No. 27. Nairobi, Kenya, ILRI.
Gizaw, S., Van Arendonk, J. A., Komen, H., Windig, J. and Hanotte, O. (2007). Population structure, genetic variation and morphological diversity in indigenous sheep of Ethiopia. Anim. Genet. 38, 621–628. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2052.2007. 01659.x
Guo-Liang, J. (2012). Molecular Markers and Marker-Assisted Breeding in Plants. OPEN access peer-reviewed chapter. DOI: 10.5772/52583.
Hailu, A. & Getu, A. (2015). Breed Characterization: Tools and Their Applications. Open Access Library Journal, 2, 1-9. doi: 10.4236/oalib.1101438.
Heins, B J., Bowman, P. J., Chamberlain, A. J. & Goddard, M. E. (2009). Genomic selection in dairy cattle: progress and challenges. Journal of Dairy Science, 92: 433–443.
Houle, D., Govindaraju, D. R. & Omholt, S. (2010). Phenomics: the next challenge. Nat. Rev. Genet. 11: 855–866.
Huson, H. J., Kim, E. S., Godfrey, R. W., Olson, T. A., McClure, M. C., Chase, C. C. (2014). Genome-wide association study and ancestral origins of the slick-hair coat in tropically adapted cattle. Front. Genet. 5:101.
IBC (Institute of Biodiversity Conservation). (2004). The state of Ethiopia’s Farm Animal Genetic Resources: A contribution to the first report on the state of the world’s animal genetic resources. May 2004, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Joost, S., Vuilleumier, S., Jensen J.D., Schoville, S., Leempoel, K., Stucki, S. (2013). Uncovering the genetic basis of adaptive change: on the intersection of landscape genomics and theoretical population genetics. Mol. Ecol. 22: 3659–3665.
Kefena, E., Dessie, T., Tegegne, A., Beja-Pereira, A., Yusuf Kurtu, M., Rosenbom S. & Han, J.L. (2014). Genetic diversity and matrilineal genetic signature of native Ethiopian donkeys (Equusasinus) inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequence polymorphism. Livestock Science (2014), http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1016/j.livsci.2014.06.006i.
Leakey, R. (2009). Impacts of AKST (Agricultural Knowledge Science and Technology) on development and sustainability goals. In Agriculture at a crossroads (eds McIntyre, BD., Herren, H.R., Wakhungu, J. and Watson, R.T.), pp. 145–253. Washington, DC: Island Press.
Litt, M. & Luty, J. A. (1989). A hypervariable microsatellite revealed by in vitro amplification of a dinucleotide repeat within the cardiac muscle actin gene. A. m. J. Hum. Genet. 44, 397–401.
Meseret, S., Yonatan, A. M., Bertram, B., Ekkehard, S., Olivier, H., Mehmet, G. & Armin, O. S. (2020). Genetic diversity and population structure of six Ethiopian cattle breeds from different geographical regions using high density single nucleotide polymorphisms. Livestock Science, Volume 234, ISSN 1871-1413. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2020.103979.
Nigatu, A., Getachew, G. & Drucker, A. G. (2004). Reasons for the loss of animal genetic resources (AnGR) and the importance of indigenous knowledge in AnGR Management. Proceedings of the 11th Annual Conference of the Ethiopian Society of Animal Production (ESAP), August 28-30, 2003. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, pp 31-45.
Noyes, H., Brass, A., Obara, I., Anderson, S., Archibald, A. L., Bradley, D. G., Fisher, P., Freeman, A., Gibson, J., Gicheru, M., Hall, L., Hanotte, O., Hulme,H., McKeever, D., Murray, C., Oh, S. J., Tate, C., Smith, K., Tapio, M., Wambugu, J., Williams, D. J., Agaba, M. & Kemp, S. J. (2011). Genetic and expression analysis of cattle identifies candidate genes in pathways responding to Trypanosomacongolense infection. Proc. Natl Acad.Sci. USA. 2011 May 31; 108(22): 9304-9.
Paras, Y., Aarti, B., Shalini, J. & Hariom, Y. (2015). Molecular Markers and Its Applications in Livestock Improvement. Animal Biotechnology Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Slide presentation, Karnal-132001, Haryana, India.
Priyanka Siwach. (2014). How do you distinguish between biochemical and molecular characterization Hhttps://www.researchgate.net/post/? Chaudhary Devi Lal University.
Psifidi, A., Fife, M., Howell, J., Matika, O., van Diemen, P. M., Kuo, R., Smith, J., Hocking, P. M., Salmon, N., Jones, M. A., Hume, D. A., Banos, G., Stevens, M. P. & Kaiser, P. (2016). The genomic architecture of resistance to Campylobacter jejuni intestinal colonisation in chickens. BMC Genomics. 17:293. doi: 10.1186/s12864-016-2612-7. PMID: 27090510; PMCID: PMC4835825.
Rashid, A. A. (2010). Technology transfer and application in developing countries. A comparative assessment of molecular techniques employed in genetic diversity studies, pp. 1-15.
Reddy, M. P., Sarla, N. & Siddiq, E.A. (2002). Inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) polymorphism and its application in plant breeding. Euphytica, 128: 9–17.
Sabir, J. S. M., Mutawakil, M. H. Z., El- Hanafy, A. A. and Ahmed, M. M. M. (2014). Genetic similarity among four breeds of goat in Saudi Arabia detected by random amplified polymorphic DNA marker. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 11:3958-3963.
Salisu, I. B., Olawale, A. S, Jabbar, B., Koloko, B. L., Abdurrahaman, S. L., Amin, A. B. & Ali, Q. (2018). Molecular markers and their Potentials in Animal Breeding and Genetics.NigerianJ. Anim. Sci.: 20 (3):29-48.
Somavilla, A. L., Sonstegard, T, S., Higa, R. H., Rosa, A. N., Siqueira, F. & Silva, L. O.C. (2014). A genome-wide scan for selection signatures in Nellore cattle. Anim. Genet. 45: 771–781.
Tadelle, D., Mengistie, T., Adebabay, K., Kefena, E., Zewdu, E. & Wondmeneh, E. (2019). Practical Application of Advanced Molecular Techniques in the Improvement of Animal Agriculture: The Cases of Camel, Cattle, Sheep, Goat, Donkeys and Chicken in Ethiopia.27 Annual Conferences of Ethiopian Society of Animal Production (ESAP).EIAR, Addis Ababa.
Yang, W., Xiaolong K., Qingfeng, Y., Yao, L. and Meiying, F. (2013). Review on the development of genotyping methods for assessing farm animal diversity. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology, 2013, 4:2 http://www.jasbsci.com/content/4/1/2. Pp. 2-6.
Yosef, T., Costa, V., Gebremariam, Z., Mengistu, U., Tilahun, S., Kefelegn, K. & Beja-Pereira, A. 2019. Genetic Variability and Relationship of Camel (Camelusdromedarius) Populations in Ethiopia as Evidenced by Microsatellites Analysis. Ethiopian Journal of Agricultural Sciences,29(1),19–37.
Zerabruk, M., Li, M. H., Kantanen, J., Olsaker, I., Ibeagha-Awemu, E. M. G. & Erhardt, G. (2011). Genetic diversity and admixture of indigenous cattle from North Ethiopia: implications of historical introgressions in the gateway region to Africa. Anim. Genet. 43, 257–266.
Zewdu, W. (2010). Genetic Differentiation and Metabolic Adaptation of Cattle Populations along the Slopes of Simien Mountains of North Western Ethiopia. Doctoral Thesis: University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Department of Sustainable Agricultural Systems Division of Livestock Sciences. Vienna, Austria November.
Copyright (c) 2023 Mohammed Endris Seid, Mohammed Abate
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
